Category Archives: ADHD

Wopara 2021a: Involvement of Striatal Oxido-Inflammatory, Nitrosative and Decreased Cholinergic Activity in Neurobehavioral Alteration in Adult Rat Model with oral Co-Exposure to Erythrosine and Tartrazine

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Wopara, Adebayo, Umoren, … Wodo.  Heliyon, 7. e08454. e-collection, 21 Nov. Don’t let the complex nature of the picture below (or the title above) distress you — what all the fancy words mean is that this study shows that the … Continue reading

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Kim 2018: Associations between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Dietary Habits in Elementary School Children

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Kim et al.  Appetite. 127: 274-279. More than 16,000 parents in Korea responded to the Korean version of the ADHD rating scale and also to a food questionnaire. The study found that ADHD symptoms are positively associated with higher consumption … Continue reading

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Faraone 2014: Towards an Evidence-Based Taxonomy of Nonpharmacologic Treatments for ADHD.

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Faraone, Antshel. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 23(4): 965-72 This paper reviews an evidence-based approach to help doctors explain to parents the relative benefits of nonpharmacologic treatments for ADHD. Food dye exclusion is given a “4” in … Continue reading

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Kaplan 1989: Dietary replacement in preschool-aged hyperactive boys

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Pediatrics.  Jan;83(1):7-17 The authors tested a number of children using what could be called a “stage two Feingold Diet.” The diet used, in other words, eliminated food dyes and several other additives, but did not eliminate salicylate-containing foods such as … Continue reading

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Adams 1981: Lack of behavioral effects from Feingold Diet violations

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Perceptual and Motor Skills, 52: 307-313. (FDA study) NOTE:  The Conners’ scores for the children when they were ON the diet were not given, but it is assumed the children had actually responded to the diet before being tested on … Continue reading

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Alemany 2021: Prenatal and postnatal exposure to acetaminophen in relation to autism spectrum and attention-deficit and hyperactivity symptoms in childhood: Meta-analysis in six European population-based cohorts

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European Journal of Epidemiology, 2021 Oct;36(10):993-1004 When babies are given their first vaccines, parents are usually advised to give them Tylenol to prevent and/or treat fevers that frequently follow a vaccination.  When moms-to-be are urged to get flu shots and/or … Continue reading

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Feingold Successes

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Feingold Successes Do you have a child with serious problems, and have you been unable to find any real solutions? Like many of us, you may have consulted numerous professionals and received nothing more than a label or a prescription. … Continue reading

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Edelkind-Noesges 2020: Vaccine Adjuvants and Selected Neurotoxins in ADHD and Autism

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Capstone for Masters Degree, Walden University, October 2020 This paper explores the connections between autism, everyday toxic exposures such as fluoridated water, and vaccine damage.  One important question, in particular, is whether the link may involve a deficiency of the … Continue reading

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Pham 2021: Using High-Throughput Screening to Evaluate Perturbations Potentially Linked to Neurobehavioral Outcomes: A Case Study Using Publicly Available Tools on FDA Batch-Certified Synthetic Food Dyes

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Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2021, 34(11), 2319-2330. QUOTE:  “There is growing evidence from human and animal studies indicating an association between exposure to synthetic food dyes and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in children.” The authors developed  a way to evaluate the … Continue reading

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Miller 2022: Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: A review of the human and animal evidence

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Environmental Health, 2022 Apr 29;21(1):45. Concern that synthetic food dyes may impact behavior in children prompted the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) to review the research on both children and animals.  64% of the 25 challenge studies … Continue reading

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California’s done it!!!

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In 2017, California began to review the science on food dyes and behavior.   The CSPI requested me to send a collection of studies to them, which you can see here. Today they released their Final Report. The Report concludes that: … Continue reading

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Bosch 2020: A two arm randomized controlled trial comparing the short and long term effects of an elimination diet and a healthy diet in children with ADHD (TRACE study). Rationale, study design and methods.

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Study Protocol. BioMed Central Ltd. Psychiatry. 20: 262 This study has not yet happened.  It is intended to compare two dietary treatments (an elimination diet and a “healthy” diet) and  “Care As Usual” (medication).  It is being done in the … Continue reading

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Llewellyn 2020: Food color additives in the US food supply: Review of neurobehavioral safety

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Journal of Pediatric Neurology & Neuroscience. 4(1), 55-72. Case Report. This study was funded by the International Association of Color Manufacturers (IACM)  in response to the California Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), which became concerned … Continue reading

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Pottegard 2014: Children’s relative age in class and use of medication for ADHD: A Danish nationwide study

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Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 55(11). 1244-1250. In this study in Denmark, similar to the Zoega et al (2012) study in Iceland, the authors wanted to see if the younger children were more at risk of being prescribed ADHD … Continue reading

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Zoega 2012: Age, academic performance, and stimulant prescribing for ADHD: A nationwide cohort study

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Pediatrics, 130(6); 1012-1018 In a nationwide population-based study, the authors observed the effect of relative age on whether the child was likely to perform adequately in class and on whether the child would be prescribed medication for ADHD.  They found … Continue reading

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Rajcumar 2020: Knowledge & misconceptions of parents of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder at a hospital in South Africa

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South African Family Practice,2020 Sep. 3; 62(1): e1-e8 This paper is about a survey of 79 parents of ADHD children aged 5 to 17, in South Africa.  The authors report that 92.4% of the parents believed that “reducing sugar or … Continue reading

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Howard 2010: ADHD is associated with a “Western” dietary pattern in adolescents

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Journal of Attention Disorders, 2011 Jul;15(5):403-11. Complete data, including diet and ADHD diagnoses, were obtined on 1,172 adolescents (14 year olds) from the Raine Study which had been following children from birth. The authors noted that the “Western” dietary pattern … Continue reading

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Lee 2020: Dietary patterns are associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms among preschoolers in South Korea: A prospective cohort study

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Nutritional Neuroscience, 2020 Sep 4:1-9 In a large group of children followed from birth, data on diet and behavior were obtained on 535 children at both 4 and 6 years old. The foodsinvestigated were divided into four basic groups: Sweet:  … Continue reading

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Yan 2018: Dietary patterns are associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms among preschoolers in mainland China

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European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, November 2018; 72 (11):1517-1523. The authors studied several eating patterns among Chinese children.  While the “processed,” “snack,” and “beverage” dietary patterns were all positively associated with ADHD symptoms, the “vegetarian” (more natural) dietary pattern was … Continue reading

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Farsad-Naeimi 2020: Sugar consumption, sugar sweetened beverages and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 53 (2020) This paper is a meta-analysis of seven studies considering sugar consumption and ADHD.  The authors concluded there is a “positive relationship between overall sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and symptoms of ADHD.” The authors … Continue reading

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Dolp 2020: Oligoantigenic diet improved children’s ADHD rating scale scores reliably in added video-rating

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Frontiers in Psychiatry, August 2020, Volume 11, 730, pp. 1-12 An oligoantigenic diet is a few-foods diet, used sometimes to identify foods a child may be allergic to.  It excludes all the food dyes, preservatives, and other additives, as well … Continue reading

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Kirkland 2020: Artificial food coloring affects EEG power and ADHD symptoms in college students with ADHD: A pilot study.

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Kirkland AE, Langan MT, & Holton KF, Nutritional Neuroscience (2020), DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2020.1730614 Although this is a small pilot study, and the first to consider young adults, it indicates that food dyes may affect both brainwave activity and ADHD symptoms in … Continue reading

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Fake Information Describes Feingold Diet

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Healthline Media claims to be “creating a stronger healthier world” by providing “clear, credible, evidence-based health and wellness information that’s distinguished by its compassion for the human experience.” One of its most recent articles, dated September 29, 2020, is failing … Continue reading

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Archives – 1982, 01/29

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Feingold diet is worth testing, panel says American Medical News (newsletter of the American Medical Association)January 29, 1982, page 23.

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A new collection of studies on the relationship of food dyes to health

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Just finished: a compilation of all the studies I can find on the food dyes used in the US and their connection with behavior and health. Download here(190 pages) This project was created to help the California Office of Environmental … Continue reading

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Dufault 2018: Food labeling requirements may explain lower autism and ADHD prevalence in the United Kingdom

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Integrative Food, Nutrition and Metabolism, 2018, 5(4): 1-2 This editorial explores possible nutritional reasons for the huge difference between the United States and the United Kingdom in numbers of children diagnosed with ADHD or autism. After two separate studies in … Continue reading

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Tseng 2018: Peripheral iron levels in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Scientific Reports,  2018 Jan 15;8(1):788. 17 studies on iron and ADHD were analyzed by Tseng et al in Taiwan. Iron does more than prevent anemia; besides helping in  homeostatis of the hemoglobin (red blood cell) structure, iron is important to the … Continue reading

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Gillberg 2014: Commentary: PDA – public display of affection or pathological demand avoidance? – reflections on O’Nions et al. (2014)

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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2014 July; 55(7):769-70 Beginning with a comment on “PDA” as sometimes used to mean “Public Display of Affection,” Gillberg says that in his own 40 years of clinical experience, PDA/EDA is not at all … Continue reading

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Gillberg 2015: Extreme (“pathological”) demand avoidance in autism: a general population study in the Faroe Islands

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European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2015. August; 24(8): 979-84. The Faroe Islands are a cluster of 18 rocky, volcanic islands which form a self-governing archipelago, part of the Kingdom of Denmark.  They are located in the open seas between the … Continue reading

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Ly 2017: Elimination diets’ efficacy and mechanisms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.

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European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.  Sep;26(9): 1067-1079 In her review of the research, Dr. Ly discusses the use of elimination diets for ADHD and autism from the point of view of the interaction of the metabolic, immune, endocrine, and neural … Continue reading

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Ríos-Hernández 2017: The Mediterranean Diet and ADHD in Children and Adolescents

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Pediatrics,  2017 Jan 30. pii: e20162027 This study took place in Spain, where families have a long tradition of eating the Mediterranean diet.  As diets today veer away from traditional healthful foods towards junk food, candies and convenience foods, behavior … Continue reading

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Malin 2015: Exposure to fluoridated water and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States: an ecological association

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Environmental Health, Feb 27;14:17. doi: 10.1186/s12940-015-0003-1. The authors comment that while environmental factors known to increase the risk of ADHD include exposure to manganese, poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), nicotine, mercury, arsenic, food additives, food coloring, pesticides and lead, almost no attention … Continue reading

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Hormann 2014: Holding Thermal Receipt Paper and Eating Food after Using Hand Sanitizer Results in High Serum Bioactive and Urine Total Levels of Bisphenol A (BPA)

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PLoS One. 2014 Oct 22;9(10): e110509. If you must handle thermal receipts, don’t use sanitizers or hand lotion – both often contain chemicals that will encourage the BPA to slide right through your skin. In the experiment described in this … Continue reading

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Ghanizadeh 2015: The effect of dietary education on ADHD, a randomized controlled clinical trial

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Annals of General Psychiatry (2015) March 1; 14:12 This was a study on children with ADHD in Iran who were already receiving Ritalin therapy, to see if improving their diet in general might make a difference.  The children were divided … Continue reading

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Arnold 1999: Treatment alternatives for Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol. 3(1): 30-48 (1999) This review of “alternative” treatments was undertaken for the National Institute of Health (NIH) 1998 Consensus Development Conference on ADHD. 23  treatments were identified.  Some were considered effective or possibly effective for … Continue reading

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Nigg 2012: Meta-Analysis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms, Restriction Diet, and Synthetic Food Color Additives

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Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2012 Jan; 51(1): 86–97.e8. This meta-analysis of 24 published studies on food colors, plus 10 more on dietary restriction, concluded that a restriction diet (e.g., the Feingold diet or an … Continue reading

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Cormier 2007: Diet and child behavior problems: Fact or fiction?

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Pediatric Nursing. 2007 Mar-Apr; 33(2): 138-43. This review is intended to help nurses support parents who want to try various therapeutic diets such as the Feingold diet, oligoantigenic (few foods) diet, or gluten-free, casein-free diet for their children.  The nurses … Continue reading

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Breakey 1997: The role of diet and behaviour in childhood

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Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1997 June; 33(3): 190-4. The author summarizes and discusses the research from the 1970s up until the 1990s.  She emphasizes that studies often only can deal with a single item but in actuality there … Continue reading

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Schnoll 2003: Nutrition in the treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A neglected but important aspect

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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2003 March; 28(1): 63-75. In this paper, Schnoll reviews the research on food additives, refined sugars, food allergies, and fatty acid metabolism as it relates to ADHD. QUOTE:  “Although clinicians and researchers alike acknowledge the complex … Continue reading

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Konikowska 2012: The influence of components of diet on the symptoms of ADHD in children

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Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny. 2012;63(2): 127-34 In this review of ADHD treatments, Konikowska describes hyperactivity as a genetic trait connected to abnormal brain maturation, likely related to less activity by neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine.  While stimulant medications effectively increase the … Continue reading

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Mossin 2016: Inverse associations between cord vitamin D and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: A child cohort study

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The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2016 Sep 30.   doi: 10.1177/0004867416670013 The researchers analyzed the records of 1,233 infants, whose parents filled out an ADHD questionnaire when the child was a little less than 3 years old. They … Continue reading

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Edlow 2016: Maternal Obesity and Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders in Offspring

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Prenatal Diagnosis. 2016, Sep 29. doi: 10.1002/pd.4932 Edlow reviews the current animal and human research showing a connection between maternal (and sometimes paternal) obesity and high fat diets on  neuro-developmental and psychiatric disorders in the offspring. These disorders include cognitive … Continue reading

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Goldenring 1980: Effects of continuous gastric infusion of food dyes on developing rat pups.

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Life Sciences. 1980 Nov 17;27(20):1897-904. In this study, some rats were treated with 6-OHDA and some were treated with placebo.  In each of these groups, some were given food dyes and some were given placebo, resulting in 4 groups of … Continue reading

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Fasmer 2010: Comorbidity of Asthma With ADHD

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Journal of Attention Disorders.  2010 Jun 23. In Norway, the Prescription Database contains information on all prescription drugs dispensed since 2001, which creates a unique opportunity to address the issue of whether the diagnoses of ADHD and asthma are associated … Continue reading

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Yu 2016: Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Is Adversely Associated with Childhood Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2016 July 4;13(7). pii: E678. In this study of Taiwanese children, a strong correlation was found between amount of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumed per day and ADHD.  A dose-response effect was observed, … Continue reading

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Lanphear 2015: The impact of toxins on the developing brain.

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Annual Review of Public Health,  2015 Mar 18;36:211-30. The objective of this review is to provide an overview on the population impact of toxins on the developing brain and describe implications for public health. QUOTE:  “The blood–brain barrier of the … Continue reading

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Eagle 2014: ADHD impacted by sulfotransferase (SULT1A) inhibition from artificial food colors and plant-based foods

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Physiology & Behavior, 135 (2014), 174-179. SULT1A inhibitors in foods, including natural substances and artificial food colors, have a role in ADHD that can both worsen or improve symptoms. … SULT1A inhibition can influence brain catecholamines through the intermediary of … Continue reading

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Horrocks 1999: Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

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Pharmacological Research, 1999.  Sep;40 (3):211-25 DHA  and EPA are long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.  This review lists the many benefits of these as well as the effects of a deficiency in both infants and adults. QUOTE:  “… deficiencies of DHA are … Continue reading

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Dykman 1998: Effect of nutritional supplements on attentional-deficit hyperactivity disorder

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Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 1998,  Jan-Mar;33(1):49-60 This was a small study of 17 children, some on medications and some not.  During the study, some of those on medication had their meds reduced by half and some did not.  For … Continue reading

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Vojdani 2015: Immune reactivity to food coloring

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Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2015. 21 Suppl 1:52-62. During the past 50 years, the amount of synthetic dye used in foods has increased by 500%.  At the same time, there has been an alarming rise in behavioral problems … Continue reading

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Malakar 2014: Minding the greens – Role of dietary salicylates in common behavioural health conditions

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Acta Alimentaria, 43(2), 344-359. QUOTE:  “Given that it is now well-known that autistic patients tend to be PST-deficient, causal link between a low-salicylate diet and the mitigation of symptom-severity seems a rather plausible hypothesis.” QUOTE:  “It is quite apparent from … Continue reading

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Stevens 2014: Amounts of artificial food colors in commonly consumed beverages and potential behavioral implications for consumption in children

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Clinical Pediatrics, 2014. Feb; 53(2): 133-40. The amount of food dyes certified over the years has increased more than 5-fold since 1950 (12 mg/capita/day) to 2012 (68 mg/capita/day).  Studies that used 50 mg or more of food dyes showed a … Continue reading

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Stevenson 2014: Research review: the role of diet in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder–an appraisal of the evidence on efficacy and recommendations on the design of future studies.

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Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 2014 May;55(5):416-27. The author compares 3 kinds of studies for treatment of ADHD – restricted elimination diets (RED), artificial food colour elimination (AFCE), and essential fatty acid (e.g. fish oil) supplements (SFFA).  He concludes … Continue reading

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Verlaet 2014: Nutrition, immunological mechanisms and dietary immunomodulation in ADHD.

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European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2014 Jul;23(7):519-29. Verlaet discusses the common causes of GI problems, asthma, eczema, ear infections, and ADHD – involving both genes, immunity, and inflammation.  An immune imbalance can be related to food provoking ADHD-like behavior.  Food … Continue reading

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Gray 2013: Salicylate elimination diets in children: Is food restriction supported by the evidence?

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The Medical Journal of Australia, 2013. Jun 17; 198(11): 600-2. Gray was treating patients who had tried the low-salicylate diet (called the FAILSAFE diet) used in Australia, which is more restrictive than the Feingold diet, eliminating both more of the … Continue reading

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Sonuga-Barke 2013: Nonpharmacological Interventions for ADHD: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials of Dietary and Psychological Treatments

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American Journal of Psychiatry, 2013.  March. 170(3): 275-89. This paper is a review of dietary and psychological treatments for ADHD. QUOTE (Conclusion):  “Free fatty acid supplementation and artificial food color exclusions appear to have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, although … Continue reading

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Stevens 2013: Mechanisms of behavioral, atopic, and other reactions to artificial food colors in children

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Nutrition Review, 2013 May;71(5):268-81. Stevens reviews the research on mechanisms by which food dyes and common foods may cause behavioral changes in children with and without ADHD.  The three potential mechanisms are toxicological, antinutritional, and hypersensitivity. Suggestions for future studies … Continue reading

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Arnold 2012: Artificial food colors and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms: Conclusions to dye for

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Neurotherapeutics. 2012 Jul;9(3):599-609. Arnold reviews the history of the effects of artificial food colors (AFC) on ADHD and the testimony to the 2011 FDA Food Advisory Committee. Arnold discusses possible biological mechanisms such as the effects of food dyes on … Continue reading

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Millichap 2012: The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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Pediatrics, 2012 Feb;129(2): 330-7. Millichap says his article is a comprehensive overview of the role of diet for treatment of children with ADHD “when pharmacotherapy has proven unsatisfactory or unacceptable.”  He promises to talk about new research. Unfortunately, he falls … Continue reading

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Saab 2012: The effect of diet supplementation on children with ADHD

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Lebanese American University, Masters Thesis 2012 In a project for her Masters Degree in Education, Linda Saab performed a case study on a 9 year old boy in Beirut who was diagnosed with ADHD.   Although he was observed for 5 … Continue reading

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