Category Archives: Research Studies

Cherry 2019: The 112-year odyssey of Pertussis and Pertussis vaccines — mistakes made and implications for the future

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Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Sep 25;8(4):334-341 The author discusses the connection of the Pertussis vaccine, linked epitope suppression, and how it is similar to something called the “original antigenic sin” in influenza.    Basically, once someone is vaccinated, … Continue reading

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Esposito 2019: Pertussis prevention: Reasons for resurgence, and differences in the current acellular pertussis vaccines

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Esposito, Stefanelli, Fry, Fedele … Principi, for the World Assn of Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders and the Vaccine Study Group of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases CONCLUSIONS of these world experts: The vaccines in use … Continue reading

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Trasande 2018: Food additives and child health

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Trasande, Shaffer, Sathyanarayana. Pediatrics. 142(2) The purpose of this paper is to review “emerging child health concerns related to the use of colorings, flavorings, and chemicals deliberately added to food during processing … as well as substances in food contact … Continue reading

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Olas 2021: The effects of natural and synthetic blue dyes on human health: A review of current knowledge and therapeutic perspectives

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Olas, Bialecki, Urbanska, & Brys:  Advances in Nutrition, Dec 1;12(6):2301-2311. The only approved natural sources of blue coloring used in foods, so far, are grape color extract and grape skin extract. Both of these contain anthocyanin grape pigments This paper … Continue reading

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Colnot 2022: Chronic maternal exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles alters breathing in newborn offspring

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Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 19:57.  Colnot, Cardoit, Cabirol, … Morin Particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) are one of the nanomaterials most frequently found in everyday consumer products, including foods.   TiO2 has  long been considered a safe food coloring and … Continue reading

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Jones 2023: Learning and memory deficits produced by aspartame are heritable via the paternal lineage

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Scientific Reports, Aug 31;13(1):14326. Jones, McCarthy, Stanwood, Schatschneider, Bhide Mice who drank the equivalent of only 16 oz to 32 oz of diet soda per day seemed just fine — but their babies weren’t.  Both male and female pups had … Continue reading

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Zhang 2023: The synthetic food dye, Red 40, causes DNA damage, causes colonic inflammation, and impacts the microbiome in mice

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Zhang, Chumanevich, Nguyen, … Hofseth. Toxocology Reports. (11) 221-232 We  have long suggested that Red 40 (Allura Red) plays a role in behavioral problems, but here is another angle: it appears likely that Red 40 is also involved in the … Continue reading

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Savas 2021: Salivary glands of fetuses are adversely affected by artificial food colorings in rats

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Journal of the Brazilian Medical Association:  Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira (1992), 2021 Feb;67(2):287-291. Thirty pregnant rats were given either a mix of nine artificial food dyes or nothing (controls) while pregnant.  The doses given were the “no observed adverse … Continue reading

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Zand 2023: Tartrazine modifies the activity of DNMT and HDAC genes — is this a link between cancer and neurological disorders?

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Nutrients, 2023, June 28, 15(13) 2946. This study is intended to determine the long-term (3o and 90 days) exposure to tartrazine (Yellow 5) on humanized (NMRI) mice. The amount used was the equivalent of the human acceptable daily intake (ADI). … Continue reading

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Masone 2015: Study on the Interaction of Artificial and Natural Food Colorants with Human Serum Albumin: A Computational Point of View

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Masone & Chanforan, Computational Biology and Chemistry. 56(2015): 152-158. Five artificial food dyes were compared to their “natural equivalents” in ability to bind to human serum albumin (HSA). Note: In the case of binding to HSA, less is better. The … Continue reading

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Wopara 2021a: Involvement of Striatal Oxido-Inflammatory, Nitrosative and Decreased Cholinergic Activity in Neurobehavioral Alteration in Adult Rat Model with oral Co-Exposure to Erythrosine and Tartrazine

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Wopara, Adebayo, Umoren, … Wodo.  Heliyon, 7. e08454. e-collection, 21 Nov. Don’t let the complex nature of the picture below (or the title above) distress you — what all the fancy words mean is that this study shows that the … Continue reading

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Bradman 2022: Dietary Exposure to United States Food and Drug Administration-Approved Synthetic Food Colors in Children, Pregnant Women, and Women of Childbearing Age Living in the United States

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Bradman, Castorina, Thilakaratne, … Miller.  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.  Aug 5;19(15):9661 The authors estimated exposure of women of child-bearing age and children to artificial food dyes.  Even though these were only one-day and two-day estimates, and … Continue reading

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Lamport 2016: Concord Grape Juice, Cognitive Function, and Driving Performance: A 12-wk, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Crossover Trial in Mothers of Preteen Children

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Lamport, Lawton, Merat …  Dye.  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 103: 775-783. The intent of this study, funded by Welch Foods, was to show that grape juice improves driving ability in stressed people (moms of teens). The authors concluded that … Continue reading

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Kumar 2011: Genotoxic Effects of Two Commonly Used Food Additives of Boric Acid and Sunset Yellow in Root Meristems of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum

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Kumar, Srivastava.  Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering. 8(4): 361-366. The plant Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek ) was exposed to Yellow 6 for three hours. It’s growing tips reacted with precocious movement, disorientation, and scattering. Note: This must be … Continue reading

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Kobylewski 2012: Toxicology of food dyes

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Kobylewski & Jacobson.  International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 18(3): 220-246. This review of the toxicology of food dyes finds that all nine of the currently approved dyes in the US have health concerns, including cancer, contamination with benzidine … Continue reading

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Karimi 2023: Post-Weaning Exposure to Sunset Yellow FCF Induces Changes in Testicular Tight and Gap Junctions in Rats: Protective Effects of Coenzyme Q10

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Reproductive Sciences. 2023 Apr 18. doi: 10.1007/s43032-023-01240-w. Online ahead of print. Karimi, Khodabandeh, Nazari, Dara, Masjedi, Momeni-Moghaddam This study investigates the toxic effects of the food dye Yellow #6 (Sunset Yellow) on rat testicles, and the protective effects of CoQ10. … Continue reading

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Monteiro 2023: Dietary Exposure to Food Azo-Colours in a Sample of Pre-School Children from Southern Brazil

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Food Additives & Contaminants,  Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment.  2023 Apr 26;1-12. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2203778. Online ahead of print In Guaratuba-Parana, Brazil, the diet of 323 preschool children aged 2 to 5 years were studied for three … Continue reading

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Kim 2018: Associations between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Dietary Habits in Elementary School Children

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Kim et al.  Appetite. 127: 274-279. More than 16,000 parents in Korea responded to the Korean version of the ADHD rating scale and also to a food questionnaire. The study found that ADHD symptoms are positively associated with higher consumption … Continue reading

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Jo 2011: Inhibition of Neuronal Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels by Brilliant Blue G.

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Jo, Bean.  Molecular Pharmacology. 80:  247-257. BBG, a variant of Brilliant Blue (Blue 1) is a P2X7 receptor antagonist and is shown to also block neuronal sodium channels. It is the most potent agent yet found that interacts with sodium … Continue reading

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Irwin 2013: Different Fates of Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid-beta Fibrils Remodeled by Biocompatible Small Molecules

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Irwin, Wong, Kwon. Biomacromolecules. 14(1): 264- 274. Amyloid fibrils such as those found in Alzheimer’s disease are thermodynamically very stable, but there is evidence that small molecules like food dyes can remodel them safely. The authors performed a remodeling trial … Continue reading

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Institute of Food Technologists 1986: Food Colors.

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Food Technology.  49-56. This is a scientific status summary by the Expert Panel on Food Safety & Nutrition, based on the Survey of Industry on the Use of Food Additives, by the National Academy of Sciences, from 1977. The 1977 … Continue reading

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Gao 2011: Effect of Food Azo Dye Tartrazine on Learning and Memory Functions in Mice and Rats, and the Possible Mechanisms Involved

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Gao, Li, Shen, Yin, An, Jin.  Journal of Food Science. 76(6): T125-T129. Middle and high Tartrazine (Yellow 5) doses produced learning and memory deficits. Doses are equivalent to 40 and 80 mg/kg for humans, which is far above the ADI. … Continue reading

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Ferreira 2016: Brilliant Blue Dyes in Daily Food: How Could Purinergic System be Affected?

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Ferreira, Faria, da Silva Ferreira, Soares-Bezerra.  International Journal of Food Science. 2016:7548498 Ferreira reviewed what was known about the medical uses of Blue 1. The purinergic system is widespread throughout the brain, nervous system and every other system in the … Continue reading

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Ferrazoli 2017: Brilliant Blue G, But Not Fenofibrate, Treatment Reverts Hemiparkinsonian Behavior and Restores Dopamine Levels in an Animal Model of Parkinson’s Disease

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Ferrazoli, de Souza, Nascimento, Oliveira-Giacomelli, Schwindt, Britto, Ulrich.  Cell Transplantation. 26: 669-677. This paper describes an effect of Blue 1 ofpotential medical benefit in Parkinson’sdisease.   Basically, it can be used to suppress a receptor that is over-active and causing damage … Continue reading

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Faraone 2014: Towards an Evidence-Based Taxonomy of Nonpharmacologic Treatments for ADHD.

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Faraone, Antshel. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 23(4): 965-72 This paper reviews an evidence-based approach to help doctors explain to parents the relative benefits of nonpharmacologic treatments for ADHD. Food dye exclusion is given a “4” in … Continue reading

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Ganeshpurkar 2017: The Pharmacological Potential of Rutin

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Ganeshpurkar, Saluja. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 25, 149-164. This is a comprehensive review of Rutin — a natural-source pharmaceutical that has an almost unbelievable profile of benefits.  It is found in many sources, including passion flowers, apples, and buckwheat (kasha). Prevents … Continue reading

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Eagle 2012: SULT1A Inhibition and How a Migraine Stops

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Eagle.  Headache. 52(8):  1321. This paper describes how SULT1A enzymes affect dopamine, a neurotransmitter. Yellow 5 (Tartrazine) is one of the items that can inhibit SULT1A (Note: SULT1A is called PST in some studies). Elevated dopamine is generally blamed for … Continue reading

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Eagle 2012: Toxicological Effects of Red Wine, Orange Juice, and Other Dietary SULT1A Inhibitors via Excess Catecholamines

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Eagle.  Food and Chemical Toxicology. 40: 2243-2249. This is an overview of how certain compounds affect the enzymes called phenolsulfotransferase (also called PST or SULT1A), and how enzyme inhibition enzyme causes problems such as migraines, heart arrhythmias, or increased blood … Continue reading

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Doguc 2015: Are There Any Remarkable Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Food Colourings on Neurobehaviour and Learning Process in Rat Offspring?

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Nutritional Neuroscience. 18(1); 12-21.Doguc, Aylak, Ilhan, Kulac, Gultekin. No adverse effects were seen on spatial working memory in the rats, but there was increased motility and anxiety, and decreased motivation with gender differences. Gender differences suggest an effect on different … Continue reading

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Dalal 2010: Involvement of High Plasma Corticosterone Status and Activation of Brain Regional Serotonin Metabolism in Long-Term Erythrosine-Induced Rearing Motor Hyper Activity in Young Adult Male Rats.

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Toxicology Mechanisms & Methods. 20(6):287- 297.  Dalal, Poddar. This study investigated a long-term trial of Erythrosine (Red 3) in rats. 10 – 100 mg/kg/day of Red 3 increased plasma corticosterone levels after several days of administration, similar to pargyline, an … Continue reading

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Dalal 2009: Short-Term Erythrosine B-Induced Inhibition of the Brain Regional Serotonergic Activity Suppresses Motor Activity (Exploratory Behavior) of Young Adult Mammals.

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Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 92(2009): 574-582.   Dalal, Poddar. Long-term administration of Erythrosine B (Red 3) increased movement in a dose-dependent manner, but Dalal wanted to test a single large dose in vivo. Dalal said Red 3 is known to increase … Continue reading

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Braganza 2006: Nutritional Interventions: Part Two. When Parents Ask About Diet Therapy for ADHD.

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Braganza, Galvez, Ozuah.  Contemporary Pediatrics. 23(5): 47-49. This paper’s stated purpose was to advise doctors on how to respond to parents asking about diet therapy for ADHD – in particular, the Feingold diet. To support their opinion, Braganza et al … Continue reading

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Bhatt 2018: Tartrazine Induced Neurobiochemical Alterations in Rat Brain Sub- Regions.

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Bhatt, Vyas, Singh, John, Soni.   Food and Chemical Toxicology. 113:322-327.Rats were given the ADI (acceptable daily intake) amount of Tartrazine (Yellow 5). Their body weight was lower. The brain protein levels in all their brain sub-regions decreased. Lipid peroxide … Continue reading

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Bamforth 1993: Common Food Additives are Potent Inhibitors of Human Liver 17α-Ethinyloestradiol and Dopamine Sulphotransferases

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Bamforth, Jones, Roberts, Coughtrie. Biochemical  Pharmacology. 46(10): 1713-1720. Detoxification enzymes provide the means for inactivation, transport and excretion of the xenobiotics including food dyes. Sulfate conjugation is one of the important methods of handling these compounds. Not only are the … Continue reading

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Kaplan 1989: Dietary replacement in preschool-aged hyperactive boys

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Pediatrics.  Jan;83(1):7-17 The authors tested a number of children using what could be called a “stage two Feingold Diet.” The diet used, in other words, eliminated food dyes and several other additives, but did not eliminate salicylate-containing foods such as … Continue reading

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Apolloni 2014: Spinal Cord Pathology is Ameliorated by P2X7 Antagonism in a SOD1-Mutant Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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Disease Models and Mechanisms. 7(9): 1101-1109. This paper describes a neurological effect of Blue 1 that may be of medical benefit in treating spinal cord pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The receptor P2X7 is involved in the central nervous … Continue reading

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Anderson 1983: Relative Refractory Period as a Measure of Peripheral Nerve Neurotoxicity

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Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 71: 391-397. NOTE:  This is not actually a study of Red 3. Rather, the dye, Red 3, is to help develop this testing method, because it is a known excitatory neurotoxin. The relative refractory period is … Continue reading

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Amchova 2015: Health Safety Issues of Synthetic Food Colorants

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Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 73(3): 914-922. This is a review of food dye toxicity per official EFSA reports and other studies since 2008. Prenatal exposure to mixtures of food dyes can damage spatial working memory, and may affect brain signaling.  … Continue reading

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Al-Shabib 2019: Allura Red Rapidly Induces Amyloid-Like Fibril Formation in Hen Egg White Lysozyme at Physiological pH

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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 127: 297-305 Red 40, with hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), forms amyloid-like aggregates. (A lysozyme is an enzyme in human tears and egg white.) The amyloid fibril formation can be observed by an electron microscope, … Continue reading

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Al-Shabib 2017: Synthetic Food Additive Dye “Tartrazine” Triggers Amorphous Aggregation in Cationic Myoglobin

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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.  98:  277-286. This study investigated the interaction of Yellow 5 with the muscle protein myoglobin. The dye interacts with myoglobin protein to form amorphous aggregates at a pH of 2.0 but not at a pH … Continue reading

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Al-Shabib 2017: Unveiling the Stimulatory Effects of Tartrazine on Human and Bovine Serum Albumin Fibrillogenesis: Spectroscopic and Microscopic Study

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Spectrochimica Acta Part A:  molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy.  15(181(: 116-124. Tartrazine (Yellow 5) interacts with both human and bovine albumin to form amyloid fibrils such as those found in some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. MedLine || Full Text

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Adams 1981: Lack of behavioral effects from Feingold Diet violations

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Perceptual and Motor Skills, 52: 307-313. (FDA study) NOTE:  The Conners’ scores for the children when they were ON the diet were not given, but it is assumed the children had actually responded to the diet before being tested on … Continue reading

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Fauci 2023: Rethinking next-generation vaccines for coronaviruses, influenzaviruses, and other respiratory viruses

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Cell Host & Microbe, 31, January 11, 2023, pg. 146-157 In spite of the fact that Dr. Fauci has retired as spokesman for the nation about Covid and other diseases, his position listed in this paper is “Office of the … Continue reading

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Alemany 2021: Prenatal and postnatal exposure to acetaminophen in relation to autism spectrum and attention-deficit and hyperactivity symptoms in childhood: Meta-analysis in six European population-based cohorts

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European Journal of Epidemiology, 2021 Oct;36(10):993-1004 When babies are given their first vaccines, parents are usually advised to give them Tylenol to prevent and/or treat fevers that frequently follow a vaccination.  When moms-to-be are urged to get flu shots and/or … Continue reading

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Feingold Successes

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Feingold Successes Do you have a child with serious problems, and have you been unable to find any real solutions? Like many of us, you may have consulted numerous professionals and received nothing more than a label or a prescription. … Continue reading

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Kwon 2022: Chronic Exposure to Synthetic Food Colorant Allura Red AC Promotes Susceptibility to Experimental Colitis via Intestinal Serotonin in Mice

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Nature Communications, December 2022, 13 : 7617 FD&C Red #40 is also commonly called “Allura Red” as it is referred to in this paper.  It is abbreviated as “AR” in this study and in the picture at right.  As you … Continue reading

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Edelkind-Noesges 2020: Vaccine Adjuvants and Selected Neurotoxins in ADHD and Autism

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Capstone for Masters Degree, Walden University, October 2020 This paper explores the connections between autism, everyday toxic exposures such as fluoridated water, and vaccine damage.  One important question, in particular, is whether the link may involve a deficiency of the … Continue reading

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Pham 2021: Using High-Throughput Screening to Evaluate Perturbations Potentially Linked to Neurobehavioral Outcomes: A Case Study Using Publicly Available Tools on FDA Batch-Certified Synthetic Food Dyes

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Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2021, 34(11), 2319-2330. QUOTE:  “There is growing evidence from human and animal studies indicating an association between exposure to synthetic food dyes and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in children.” The authors developed  a way to evaluate the … Continue reading

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Sambu 2022: Toxicological and teratogenic effect of various food additives: An updated review

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BioMed Research International, vol. 2022 (6829409). This is a review of some of the chemicals added to foods to improve shelf-life, color or taste, from the point of view of safety of the newborn.   The authors point out that … Continue reading

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Patel 2022: The safety of pediatric use of paracetamol (acetaminophen): A narrative review of direct and indirect evidence

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Minerva Pediatrics, 2022. July 13 DOI: 10.23736/S2724-52765.22.06932-4 Use of Tylenol (paracetamol or acetaminophen) during pregnancy and early childhood has been considered safe since the 1970s.  Parents are urged to use it routinely after vaccination to prevent or control fever. It … Continue reading

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Miller 2022: Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: A review of the human and animal evidence

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Environmental Health, 2022 Apr 29;21(1):45. Concern that synthetic food dyes may impact behavior in children prompted the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) to review the research on both children and animals.  64% of the 25 challenge studies … Continue reading

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Kerr 2022: Ivermectin Prophylaxis Used for COVID-19: A Citywide, Prospective, Observational Study of 223,128 Subjects Using Propensity Score Matching

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Cureus, 2022 Jan 15;14(1):e21272.   Kerr, Cadegiani, Baldi, Lobo, … Chamie-Quintero. The discussion of this paper begins at about Minute 8 in the video below. The entire population of a city in Brazil was invited to take Ivermectin at a dose … Continue reading

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Hasan 2022: In silico molecular docking and ADME/T analysis of Quercetin compound with its evaluation of broad-spectrum therapeutic potential against particular diseases

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Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 29 (2022) 100894.  Hasan, Khan, Chowdhury, Khan, Moni, & Rahman This study, done in Bangladesh and Australia, compared something called “docking” ability of Quercetin with that of the usual drugs for several diseases, and found that … Continue reading

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Mogensen 2017: The Introduction of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertusis and Oral Polio Vaccine Among Young Infants in an Urban African Community: A Natural Experiment

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EBioMedicine, 17 (2017), 192-198  (Authors:  Mogensen, Andersen, Rodrigues, Benn, Aaby) The authors examined the outcome of the introduction of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) in an urban community in Guinea-Bissau in the early 1980s. They followed the children … Continue reading

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Abril-Gil 2015: Development and Characterization of an Effective Food Allergy Model in Brown Norway Rats

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PLoS ONE,  10(4): e0126314. Food allergies in children have been increasing in recent decades, so there is a need to create an allergic animal model in order to study this problem.   This is normally accomplished by giving the rats a … Continue reading

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Servellita 2021: Predominance of antibody resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants in vaccine breakthrough cases from the San Francisco Bay Area, California

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MedRxiv, October 8, 2021.  DOI:  10.1101/2021.08.19.21262139 The authors analyzed 1,373 persons with Covid-19 in the San Francisco Bay Area from February 1 to June 30, 2021.  125 of them had vaccine breakthrough infections.  They found that symptomatic breakthrough infections had … Continue reading

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Rubin 2016: The potential role of subclinical Bordetella Pertussis colonization in the etiology of multiple sclerosis

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Immunobiology, 221 (2016), 512-515. Subclinical Bordetello pertussis colonizes the nasopharynx (nose) in vaccinated people, but has long been thought to be harmless.  The authors show that on the contrary, this is an important cause of multiple sclerosis. Interestingly, the Bordatello … Continue reading

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Cismaru 2021: COVID-19 and antimalarials. Have we been doing it wrong all along?

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European Journal of Pharmacology, Jan 15;891:173694 The authors recommend that instead of using Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) together with the macrolide antibiotic Azithromycin, doctors should first use HCQ and follow this with the addition of Azithromycin. The picture at right describes the … Continue reading

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Shepshelovich 2021: Concordance between the results of randomized and non-randomized interventional clinical trials assessing the efficacy of drugs for COVID-19: A cross-sectional study

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Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2021 Aug 12;76(9):2415-2418 Several drug treatment trials were reviewed in this paper, including the use of Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin, Hydroxychloroquine alone, IL-6 Inhibitors, Corticosteroids, Convalescent Plasma, Remdesivir, and “others” including five antiretroviral drugs and two anti-influenza … Continue reading

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Formiga 2021: Ivermectin: An award-winning drug with expected antiviral activity against COVID-19

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Journal of Controlled Release, 329 (2021), 758-761. Ivermectin is an FDA-approved broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent with demonstrated antiviral activity against a number of DNA and RNA viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2  (SARS-CoV-2). In this paper, the authors discuss … Continue reading

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