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Just finished: a compilation of all the studies I can find on the food dyes used in the US and their connection with behavior and health. Download here (188 pages) This project was created to help the California Office of … Continue reading
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PeerJ. 2017 Feb 23;5: e3041. This study was done to evaluate the possible adverse effects of the color Tartrazine (Yellow 5) on kidney and liver function and structure in rats, as well as its affect on white blood cells. For … Continue reading
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Acta Histochemica. 2017 March; 119(2): 172-180 The authors used a rat model to answer the following questions: Does exposure to tartrazine (Yellow 5) influence the rats’ memory and learning? Does the tartrazine exposure have any effects on the volume of … Continue reading
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Fluoride, 39 (4), 293-301. Giving adult male rats 100 ppm and 300 ppm (parts per million) of sodium fluoride in their drinking water for 12 weeks resulted in less testosterone, fewer (and weaker) sperm, less aggressive behavior, and less successful … Continue reading
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Mutation Research. 2002 Aug 26; 519(1-2): 103-19. Sasaki et al, in Japan, tested 39 common food additives — dyes, color fixatives, preservatives, antioxidants, fungicides, and sweeteners. They gave each additive separately by mouth to groups of four male mice, and … Continue reading
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Scientific Reports, 2016 Jan 5;6:18989. Air pollution is good for something …. if you are a pigeon racer. It seems that in northern China, homing pigeons fly home lots faster through polluted air. The authors say it isn’t yet clear … Continue reading
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The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1247-1252. 2012 By studying the brains of mice whose mothers were exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles during pregnancy, the researchers determined changes in gene expression affecting several parts of the … Continue reading
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Scientific Reports, 2016 March 31;6:23819 The purpose of this study was to better understand how the widely used titanium dioxide may impact the environment. The researchers used swallowtail butterfly larvae which were hatched on plants growing in water containing titanium … Continue reading
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Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. (2016) 188:575 This Swiss study looks at the effect of two kinds of nanoparticles, separately and combined. Both copper oxide (CuO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) ultrafine particles (nanoparticles or NP) are widely used in many things … Continue reading
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Nanotoxicology. 2016 Sep;10(7):902-12. In this study, 25 µg/L and 250 µg/L of the food color additive titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were added to outdoor mesocosms* placed in a lake. The control mesocosm was not treated with any TiO2. * A … Continue reading
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Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 2014 Feb; 102(2): 470-8. Titanium dioxide is a naturally occurring white powder approved by the FDA. It is used as a white coloring in many products we use every day such as toothpaste, … Continue reading
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Toxicology and Industrial Health, 2013. March; 29(2): 224-32. doi: 10.1177/0748233711433935 The researchers wanted to evaluate the toxic effect of some synthetic colorants and/or flavors on body organs and metabolism in rats. They used 10 groups of 10 male albino rats … Continue reading
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Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1979. Nov; 129(3): 303-9. In this study on guinea pigs, the researchers showed that the dye Yellow 5 potentiates asthmatic reactions to other broncho-constrictors. In other words, the dye may not cause an asthma attack … Continue reading
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Life Sciences. 1980 Nov 17;27(20):1897-904. In this study, some rats were treated with 6-OHDA and some were treated with placebo. In each of these groups, some were given food dyes and some were given placebo, resulting in 4 groups of … Continue reading
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Toxicology International. 2015 Jan-Apr; 22(1): 152–157. This study was done to see if the common food colors tartrazine (Yellow 5), metanil yellow (a non-permitted color often used illegally) and sunset yellow (Yellow 6) may play a part in liver disease. … Continue reading
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Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2013 Jun;56:145-8. In a study of rats, the authors found that exposing them to food dyes before birth changed the expression of certain receptors when they grew up. The particular receptors (NMDAR and nAChR) are involved … Continue reading
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Toxicology and Industrial Health, 2013. Aug; 29(7): 616-23. In this study, Doguc gave pregnant rats the ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) amounts of the following food dyes by mouth, continuing to do so after the babies were born so that the … Continue reading
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JMED Research, Vol. 2013 (2013) This is a review of the studies about MSG and its influence on different systems in humans. Effects of injected MSG into rats included neuron damage, and prefrontal cerebral cortex changes, but such tests cannot … Continue reading
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Journal of American Science, 2011; 7 (6): 1211-1218. This paper from Egypt describes a double-blind controlled study on rats to determine the behavioral effects of long-term exposure to various doses of tartrazine (E102, Yellow 5) provided in the drinking water … Continue reading
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Food Additives and Contaminants, 1996. Jan;13(1):5-11 In this lab study, 11 artificial food dyes – not all of them used in the US — were tested to determine their effect on the mitochondria of rat liver and kidney. NOTE: Mitochondria … Continue reading
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Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 1982. Jan-Feb;4(1): 43-9. Goldenring studied the effects of giving sulfanilic acid to rat pups. He chose this chemical because it is formed when azo food dyes are digested. He gave the sulfanilic acid to normal rat … Continue reading
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Science. 1979. July 27; 205 (4404): 410-2. Lafferman found that erythrosin B [Red 3] given to rats prevents the uptake of dopamine (the “feel good” neurotransmitter) by nerve cells in the brain called the caudate synaptosomes. This is consistent with … Continue reading
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Neurobehavioral Toxicology, 1979. Spring;1(1):41-7. (Today called Neurotoxicology and Teratology) In a study on rat pups, the highest dose of food dyes caused the greatest activity. Even after a half hour, the pups only calmed down by 7.25% — while the … Continue reading
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