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In 2017, California began to review the science on food dyes and behavior. The CSPI requested me to send a collection of studies to them, which you can see here. Today they released their Final Report. The Report concludes that: … Continue reading
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Heliyon 7 (2021) e06378 Various doses of Erythrosine (Red 3) and Tartrazine (Yellow 5) were given to rats for six weeks. At that time, their behavior and ability to recognize objects was evaluated. At the end, their brains were studied … Continue reading
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JBRA Assisted Reproduction. Online ahead of print Every now and again the rumor surfaces that soda can cause infertility or a lower sperm count. According to Live Science, this is an urban myth. In fact, they say Mountain Dew (a … Continue reading
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Journal of Pediatric Neurology & Neuroscience. 4(1), 55-72. Case Report. This study was funded by the International Association of Color Manufacturers (IACM) in response to the California Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), which became concerned … Continue reading
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Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. Feb 11;57(3):524-548. In addition to the problem of illegal and carcinogenic food dyes being added to foods — and the ongoing need to detect them — there is growing concern about the safety … Continue reading
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Advances in Neurobiology (2020) 24:481-504 While the research does not prove causation, there seems to clearly be a link between food dyes and symptoms of autism. Not only are there direct neurotoxic effects, but it has been shown that at … Continue reading
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Frontiers in Psychiatry, August 2020, Volume 11, 730, pp. 1-12 An oligoantigenic diet is a few-foods diet, used sometimes to identify foods a child may be allergic to. It excludes all the food dyes, preservatives, and other additives, as well … Continue reading
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Kirkland AE, Langan MT, & Holton KF, Nutritional Neuroscience (2020), DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2020.1730614 Although this is a small pilot study, and the first to consider young adults, it indicates that food dyes may affect both brainwave activity and ADHD symptoms in … Continue reading
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Milena Georgieva is a young scientist in Bulgaria with lots of prestigious awards for best scientific excellence practices. Here, she describes the way our DNA functions. The way we live, the way we talk, the way we breathe and the … Continue reading
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Just finished: a compilation of all the studies I can find on the food dyes used in the US and their connection with behavior and health. Download here(190 pages) This project was created to help the California Office of Environmental … Continue reading
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European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences. (21): 635-645. Curcumin (an extract of turmeric) was studied to see if it could protect against the kidney and liver damage expected from the ADI of Tartrazine (Yellow 5) given in the diet. … Continue reading
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Toxicology Reports. 5: 146-155. This was not a test of tartrazine (Yellow 5) – they already knew it would be toxic. Rats in the “positive control” group (given Yellow 5) had elevated liver enzymes, cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as … Continue reading
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Journal of AOAC International, Vol. 101. (epublished ahead of print) This guest editorial is not about the food dyes we know and don’t love — it’s about inedible, dangerous food dyes that are used illegally in foods. There is a … Continue reading
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Nutrition. 2018 February. 46:36-40 This study found that 11.54% of the 1,681 processed items examined in a local supermarket in Singapore contained at least one of five food dyes — of which tartrazine (Yellow 5), sunset yellow (Yellow 6), and … Continue reading
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In study after study, the dangers of artificial food dyes are documented. Nevertheless, many of us would still like to provide colorful party foods for our families. What to do? Of course, bright fruits such as blueberries and strawberries can … Continue reading
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Contact Dermatitis. 2016 Oct;75(4): 258-9 This is a case report about a 45-year-old woman who began to dye her hair blue. After several years of rashes and itching on her scalp, face, and neck, she sought help from an allergist. … Continue reading
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SB 504 calls for state office to conduct independent review of evidence and options for the Legislature April 26, 2017 The Senate Health Committee today approved a bill by Senator Bob Wieckowski (D-Fremont) to direct a state agency to review … Continue reading
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PeerJ. 2017 Feb 23;5: e3041. This study was done to evaluate the possible adverse effects of the color Tartrazine (Yellow 5) on kidney and liver function and structure in rats, as well as its affect on white blood cells. For … Continue reading
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Food Additives & Contaminants Part A. 2017 Feb 20:1-8 This study was able to estimate daily intake of foods containing Sunset Yellow (Yellow 6) using the 2008-2009 data collections of food purchases by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. … Continue reading
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Food Additives & Contaminants, Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment. 2017 March 23. Using complex statistics and a database of product labels, rather than direct measurements, an “estimate of daily intake” of the amounts of synthetic food … Continue reading
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Allergologie et Immunopathologia (Madrid). 2010 May-June; 38 (3): 142-6. In this study, styling itself as a “gold standard, double-blind placebo controlled, crossed-over challenge,” 26 adults with atopy (skin or asthma allergy) were tested for tartrazine (Yellow 5) sensitivity and had … Continue reading
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Acta Histochemica. 2017 March; 119(2): 172-180 The authors used a rat model to answer the following questions: Does exposure to tartrazine (Yellow 5) influence the rats’ memory and learning? Does the tartrazine exposure have any effects on the volume of … Continue reading
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Mutation Research. 2002 Aug 26; 519(1-2): 103-19. Sasaki et al, in Japan, tested 39 common food additives — dyes, color fixatives, preservatives, antioxidants, fungicides, and sweeteners. They gave each additive separately by mouth to groups of four male mice, and … Continue reading
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Journal of Food Science. 2013 April; 78(4): T642-7 This is the first national study on food additive use in India, collecting data on “sweets and savories.” Their dye extraction and identification technique (using pure wool strands) is described, as is … Continue reading
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Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1997 June; 33(3): 190-4. The author summarizes and discusses the research from the 1970s up until the 1990s. She emphasizes that studies often only can deal with a single item but in actuality there … Continue reading
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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2003 March; 28(1): 63-75. In this paper, Schnoll reviews the research on food additives, refined sugars, food allergies, and fatty acid metabolism as it relates to ADHD. QUOTE: “Although clinicians and researchers alike acknowledge the complex … Continue reading
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Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny. 2012;63(2): 127-34 In this review of ADHD treatments, Konikowska describes hyperactivity as a genetic trait connected to abnormal brain maturation, likely related to less activity by neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine. While stimulant medications effectively increase the … Continue reading
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The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1247-1252. 2012 By studying the brains of mice whose mothers were exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles during pregnancy, the researchers determined changes in gene expression affecting several parts of the … Continue reading
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Scientific Reports, 2016 March 31;6:23819 The purpose of this study was to better understand how the widely used titanium dioxide may impact the environment. The researchers used swallowtail butterfly larvae which were hatched on plants growing in water containing titanium … Continue reading
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Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. (2016) 188:575 This Swiss study looks at the effect of two kinds of nanoparticles, separately and combined. Both copper oxide (CuO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) ultrafine particles (nanoparticles or NP) are widely used in many things … Continue reading
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Nanotoxicology. 2016 Sep;10(7):902-12. In this study, 25 µg/L and 250 µg/L of the food color additive titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were added to outdoor mesocosms* placed in a lake. The control mesocosm was not treated with any TiO2. * A … Continue reading
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Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 2014 Feb; 102(2): 470-8. Titanium dioxide is a naturally occurring white powder approved by the FDA. It is used as a white coloring in many products we use every day such as toothpaste, … Continue reading
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Toxicology and Industrial Health, 2013. March; 29(2): 224-32. doi: 10.1177/0748233711433935 The researchers wanted to evaluate the toxic effect of some synthetic colorants and/or flavors on body organs and metabolism in rats. They used 10 groups of 10 male albino rats … Continue reading
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Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift (Swiss medical weekly), 1981. Sep 26; 111(39): 1445-50 Wuthrich wrote that adverse reactions to aspirin, additives such as tartrazine (Yellow 5) and the preservative benzoate are seen all over the world. It is described as an intolerance … Continue reading
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Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, 1979 Dec;64(6 Pt 1):500-6 In this study, a positive response was defined as a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) for up to 4 hours. The researchers tested several hundred … Continue reading
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Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1979. Nov; 129(3): 303-9. In this study on guinea pigs, the researchers showed that the dye Yellow 5 potentiates asthmatic reactions to other broncho-constrictors. In other words, the dye may not cause an asthma attack … Continue reading
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Life Sciences. 1980 Nov 17;27(20):1897-904. In this study, some rats were treated with 6-OHDA and some were treated with placebo. In each of these groups, some were given food dyes and some were given placebo, resulting in 4 groups of … Continue reading
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Toxicology International. 2015 Jan-Apr; 22(1): 152–157. This study was done to see if the common food colors tartrazine (Yellow 5), metanil yellow (a non-permitted color often used illegally) and sunset yellow (Yellow 6) may play a part in liver disease. … Continue reading
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Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 1995. Oct;48(10):1269-75 Corder estimated safe doses to use for epidemiological studies by studying reactions of patients in an allergy clinic. He said that reactions to the four compounds listed in the table are common, and may … Continue reading
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Physiology & Behavior, 135 (2014), 174-179. SULT1A inhibitors in foods, including natural substances and artificial food colors, have a role in ADHD that can both worsen or improve symptoms. … SULT1A inhibition can influence brain catecholamines through the intermediary of … Continue reading
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Clinical Allergy. 1978 Jan;8(1): 65-8. In an Israeli hospital, Neuman et al tested the effect of 50 mg of tartrazine (Yellow 5) on 97 patients with a variety of allergic disorders and 25 with non-allergic rhinitis. First, all patients were … Continue reading
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Little Debbie Swiss Rolls Use Yellow, Red, and Blue Dyes to Make ‘Chocolate’ Cake Reprinted from article published by the Center for Science in the Public Interest, July 18, 2016 Little Debbie Swiss Rolls have a combined 32 milligrams of … Continue reading
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Prostaglandins and Medicine, 1978 Dec;1(6):499-505 The authors discuss the bronchoconstriction caused by tartrazine (Yellow 5) in people who are aspirin-sensitive, as well as its effect on the prostaglandin system of guinea pig lungs. They found that the dye inhibits formation … Continue reading
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Annals of Allergy, 1977. Mar;38(3): 206-10 In this paper, Lockey describes the battery of tests he had developed to determine sensitivity to food additives and analgesics, which he says can make symptoms of asthma and chronic urticaria (hives) worse. MedLine … Continue reading
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Annals of Allergy 1977 Jul;39(1):28-37 This is an early review of the combination of asthma, nasal pathology and intolerance to aspirin as a “unique syndrome” with a tendency for diabetes as well as a prolongation of bleeding time. Abrishami mentions … Continue reading
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Clinical Allergy. 1976 Mar;6(2): 119-29. In this study, Stenius and Lemola used far less of tartrazine (Yellow 5) and aspirin than what a person may normally ingest, and had to overcome chronic medication as well (see NOTES below). Nevertheless, they … Continue reading
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Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1975. Sep;56(3): 215-21 The authors presented their evidence that in aspirin intolerance there are two mechanisms – one causing bronchospasm (breathing difficulty such as in asthma) and the other causing urticaria (hives). They also … Continue reading
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Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2015. 21 Suppl 1:52-62. During the past 50 years, the amount of synthetic dye used in foods has increased by 500%. At the same time, there has been an alarming rise in behavioral problems … Continue reading
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Clinical Pediatrics, 2016 Oct; 55(12): 1113-1119. In this study, 810 products commonly marketed to children and found in a local grocery store were evaluated. 43.2% of them contained artificial food colors (AFC), mostly Red 40, Blue 1, Yellow 5, and … Continue reading
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Acta Alimentaria, 43(2), 344-359. QUOTE: “Given that it is now well-known that autistic patients tend to be PST-deficient, causal link between a low-salicylate diet and the mitigation of symptom-severity seems a rather plausible hypothesis.” QUOTE: “It is quite apparent from … Continue reading
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Clinical Pediatrics, 2015 Apr;54(4):309-21, e-published April 24, 2014 Numerous foods and candies were purchased from local stores and processed to measure the amount of food dyes actually in them. Several comprehensive tables provide the details, but below is a sample: Some … Continue reading
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Clinical Pediatrics, 2014. Feb; 53(2): 133-40. The amount of food dyes certified over the years has increased more than 5-fold since 1950 (12 mg/capita/day) to 2012 (68 mg/capita/day). Studies that used 50 mg or more of food dyes showed a … Continue reading
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Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 2014 May;55(5):416-27. The author compares 3 kinds of studies for treatment of ADHD – restricted elimination diets (RED), artificial food colour elimination (AFCE), and essential fatty acid (e.g. fish oil) supplements (SFFA). He concludes … Continue reading
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European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2014 Jul;23(7):519-29. Verlaet discusses the common causes of GI problems, asthma, eczema, ear infections, and ADHD – involving both genes, immunity, and inflammation. An immune imbalance can be related to food provoking ADHD-like behavior. Food … Continue reading
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Eastern Michigan University Master’s Theses. 2013. Bell counted number of exposures to food dye, not the actual amounts of dye, consumed, and she found that children are exposed to food dyes at least twice as much as adults. She also … Continue reading
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Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2013 Jun;56:145-8. In a study of rats, the authors found that exposing them to food dyes before birth changed the expression of certain receptors when they grew up. The particular receptors (NMDAR and nAChR) are involved … Continue reading
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Toxicology and Industrial Health, 2013. Aug; 29(7): 616-23. In this study, Doguc gave pregnant rats the ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) amounts of the following food dyes by mouth, continuing to do so after the babies were born so that the … Continue reading
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American Journal of Psychiatry, 2013. March. 170(3): 275-89. This paper is a review of dietary and psychological treatments for ADHD. QUOTE (Conclusion): “Free fatty acid supplementation and artificial food color exclusions appear to have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, although … Continue reading
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Nutrition Review, 2013 May;71(5):268-81. Stevens reviews the research on mechanisms by which food dyes and common foods may cause behavioral changes in children with and without ADHD. The three potential mechanisms are toxicological, antinutritional, and hypersensitivity. Suggestions for future studies … Continue reading
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Neurotherapeutics. 2012 Jul;9(3):599-609. Arnold reviews the history of the effects of artificial food colors (AFC) on ADHD and the testimony to the 2011 FDA Food Advisory Committee. Arnold discusses possible biological mechanisms such as the effects of food dyes on … Continue reading
