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Olas, Bialecki, Urbanska, & Brys: Advances in Nutrition, Dec 1;12(6):2301-2311. The only approved natural sources of blue coloring used in foods, so far, are grape color extract and grape skin extract. Both of these contain anthocyanin grape pigments This paper … Continue reading
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Zhang, Chumanevich, Nguyen, … Hofseth. Toxocology Reports. (11) 221-232 We have long suggested that Red 40 (Allura Red) plays a role in behavioral problems, but here is another angle: it appears likely that Red 40 is also involved in the … Continue reading
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Journal of the Brazilian Medical Association: Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira (1992), 2021 Feb;67(2):287-291. Thirty pregnant rats were given either a mix of nine artificial food dyes or nothing (controls) while pregnant. The doses given were the “no observed adverse … Continue reading
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Nutrients, 2023, June 28, 15(13) 2946. This study is intended to determine the long-term (3o and 90 days) exposure to tartrazine (Yellow 5) on humanized (NMRI) mice. The amount used was the equivalent of the human acceptable daily intake (ADI). … Continue reading
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Masone & Chanforan, Computational Biology and Chemistry. 56(2015): 152-158. Five artificial food dyes were compared to their “natural equivalents” in ability to bind to human serum albumin (HSA). Note: In the case of binding to HSA, less is better. The … Continue reading
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Wopara, Adebayo, Umoren, … Wodo. Heliyon, 7. e08454. e-collection, 21 Nov. Don’t let the complex nature of the picture below (or the title above) distress you — what all the fancy words mean is that this study shows that the … Continue reading
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Bradman, Castorina, Thilakaratne, … Miller. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Aug 5;19(15):9661 The authors estimated exposure of women of child-bearing age and children to artificial food dyes. Even though these were only one-day and two-day estimates, and … Continue reading
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Kumar, Srivastava. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering. 8(4): 361-366. The plant Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek ) was exposed to Yellow 6 for three hours. It’s growing tips reacted with precocious movement, disorientation, and scattering. Note: This must be … Continue reading
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Kobylewski & Jacobson. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 18(3): 220-246. This review of the toxicology of food dyes finds that all nine of the currently approved dyes in the US have health concerns, including cancer, contamination with benzidine … Continue reading
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Reproductive Sciences. 2023 Apr 18. doi: 10.1007/s43032-023-01240-w. Online ahead of print. Karimi, Khodabandeh, Nazari, Dara, Masjedi, Momeni-Moghaddam This study investigates the toxic effects of the food dye Yellow #6 (Sunset Yellow) on rat testicles, and the protective effects of CoQ10. … Continue reading
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Food Additives & Contaminants, Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment. 2023 Apr 26;1-12. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2203778. Online ahead of print In Guaratuba-Parana, Brazil, the diet of 323 preschool children aged 2 to 5 years were studied for three … Continue reading
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Jo, Bean. Molecular Pharmacology. 80: 247-257. BBG, a variant of Brilliant Blue (Blue 1) is a P2X7 receptor antagonist and is shown to also block neuronal sodium channels. It is the most potent agent yet found that interacts with sodium … Continue reading
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Irwin, Wong, Kwon. Biomacromolecules. 14(1): 264- 274. Amyloid fibrils such as those found in Alzheimer’s disease are thermodynamically very stable, but there is evidence that small molecules like food dyes can remodel them safely. The authors performed a remodeling trial … Continue reading
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Food Technology. 49-56. This is a scientific status summary by the Expert Panel on Food Safety & Nutrition, based on the Survey of Industry on the Use of Food Additives, by the National Academy of Sciences, from 1977. The 1977 … Continue reading
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Gao, Li, Shen, Yin, An, Jin. Journal of Food Science. 76(6): T125-T129. Middle and high Tartrazine (Yellow 5) doses produced learning and memory deficits. Doses are equivalent to 40 and 80 mg/kg for humans, which is far above the ADI. … Continue reading
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Ferreira, Faria, da Silva Ferreira, Soares-Bezerra. International Journal of Food Science. 2016:7548498 Ferreira reviewed what was known about the medical uses of Blue 1. The purinergic system is widespread throughout the brain, nervous system and every other system in the … Continue reading
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Ferrazoli, de Souza, Nascimento, Oliveira-Giacomelli, Schwindt, Britto, Ulrich. Cell Transplantation. 26: 669-677. This paper describes an effect of Blue 1 ofpotential medical benefit in Parkinson’sdisease. Basically, it can be used to suppress a receptor that is over-active and causing damage … Continue reading
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Eagle. Headache. 52(8): 1321. This paper describes how SULT1A enzymes affect dopamine, a neurotransmitter. Yellow 5 (Tartrazine) is one of the items that can inhibit SULT1A (Note: SULT1A is called PST in some studies). Elevated dopamine is generally blamed for … Continue reading
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Eagle. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 40: 2243-2249. This is an overview of how certain compounds affect the enzymes called phenolsulfotransferase (also called PST or SULT1A), and how enzyme inhibition enzyme causes problems such as migraines, heart arrhythmias, or increased blood … Continue reading
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Nutritional Neuroscience. 18(1); 12-21.Doguc, Aylak, Ilhan, Kulac, Gultekin. No adverse effects were seen on spatial working memory in the rats, but there was increased motility and anxiety, and decreased motivation with gender differences. Gender differences suggest an effect on different … Continue reading
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Toxicology Mechanisms & Methods. 20(6):287- 297. Dalal, Poddar. This study investigated a long-term trial of Erythrosine (Red 3) in rats. 10 – 100 mg/kg/day of Red 3 increased plasma corticosterone levels after several days of administration, similar to pargyline, an … Continue reading
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Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 92(2009): 574-582. Dalal, Poddar. Long-term administration of Erythrosine B (Red 3) increased movement in a dose-dependent manner, but Dalal wanted to test a single large dose in vivo. Dalal said Red 3 is known to increase … Continue reading
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Braganza, Galvez, Ozuah. Contemporary Pediatrics. 23(5): 47-49. This paper’s stated purpose was to advise doctors on how to respond to parents asking about diet therapy for ADHD – in particular, the Feingold diet. To support their opinion, Braganza et al … Continue reading
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Bhatt, Vyas, Singh, John, Soni. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 113:322-327.Rats were given the ADI (acceptable daily intake) amount of Tartrazine (Yellow 5). Their body weight was lower. The brain protein levels in all their brain sub-regions decreased. Lipid peroxide … Continue reading
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Bamforth, Jones, Roberts, Coughtrie. Biochemical Pharmacology. 46(10): 1713-1720. Detoxification enzymes provide the means for inactivation, transport and excretion of the xenobiotics including food dyes. Sulfate conjugation is one of the important methods of handling these compounds. Not only are the … Continue reading
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Disease Models and Mechanisms. 7(9): 1101-1109. This paper describes a neurological effect of Blue 1 that may be of medical benefit in treating spinal cord pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The receptor P2X7 is involved in the central nervous … Continue reading
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Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 71: 391-397. NOTE: This is not actually a study of Red 3. Rather, the dye, Red 3, is to help develop this testing method, because it is a known excitatory neurotoxin. The relative refractory period is … Continue reading
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Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 73(3): 914-922. This is a review of food dye toxicity per official EFSA reports and other studies since 2008. Prenatal exposure to mixtures of food dyes can damage spatial working memory, and may affect brain signaling. … Continue reading
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 127: 297-305 Red 40, with hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), forms amyloid-like aggregates. (A lysozyme is an enzyme in human tears and egg white.) The amyloid fibril formation can be observed by an electron microscope, … Continue reading
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 98: 277-286. This study investigated the interaction of Yellow 5 with the muscle protein myoglobin. The dye interacts with myoglobin protein to form amorphous aggregates at a pH of 2.0 but not at a pH … Continue reading
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Spectrochimica Acta Part A: molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 15(181(: 116-124. Tartrazine (Yellow 5) interacts with both human and bovine albumin to form amyloid fibrils such as those found in some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. MedLine || Full Text
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Perceptual and Motor Skills, 52: 307-313. (FDA study) NOTE: The Conners’ scores for the children when they were ON the diet were not given, but it is assumed the children had actually responded to the diet before being tested on … Continue reading
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Nature Communications, December 2022, 13 : 7617 FD&C Red #40 is also commonly called “Allura Red” as it is referred to in this paper. It is abbreviated as “AR” in this study and in the picture at right. As you … Continue reading
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Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2021, 34(11), 2319-2330. QUOTE: “There is growing evidence from human and animal studies indicating an association between exposure to synthetic food dyes and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in children.” The authors developed a way to evaluate the … Continue reading
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BioMed Research International, vol. 2022 (6829409). This is a review of some of the chemicals added to foods to improve shelf-life, color or taste, from the point of view of safety of the newborn. The authors point out that … Continue reading
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Environmental Health, 2022 Apr 29;21(1):45. Concern that synthetic food dyes may impact behavior in children prompted the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) to review the research on both children and animals. 64% of the 25 challenge studies … Continue reading
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In 2017, California began to review the science on food dyes and behavior. The CSPI requested me to send a collection of studies to them, which you can see here. Today they released their Final Report. The Report concludes that: … Continue reading
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Heliyon 7 (2021) e06378 Various doses of Erythrosine (Red 3) and Tartrazine (Yellow 5) were given to rats for six weeks. At that time, their behavior and ability to recognize objects was evaluated. At the end, their brains were studied … Continue reading
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JBRA Assisted Reproduction. Online ahead of print Every now and again the rumor surfaces that soda can cause infertility or a lower sperm count. According to Live Science, this is an urban myth. In fact, they say Mountain Dew (a … Continue reading
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Journal of Pediatric Neurology & Neuroscience. 4(1), 55-72. Case Report. This study was funded by the International Association of Color Manufacturers (IACM) in response to the California Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), which became concerned … Continue reading
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Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. Feb 11;57(3):524-548. In addition to the problem of illegal and carcinogenic food dyes being added to foods — and the ongoing need to detect them — there is growing concern about the safety … Continue reading
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Advances in Neurobiology (2020) 24:481-504 While the research does not prove causation, there seems to clearly be a link between food dyes and symptoms of autism. Not only are there direct neurotoxic effects, but it has been shown that at … Continue reading
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Frontiers in Psychiatry, August 2020, Volume 11, 730, pp. 1-12 An oligoantigenic diet is a few-foods diet, used sometimes to identify foods a child may be allergic to. It excludes all the food dyes, preservatives, and other additives, as well … Continue reading
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Kirkland AE, Langan MT, & Holton KF, Nutritional Neuroscience (2020), DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2020.1730614 Although this is a small pilot study, and the first to consider young adults, it indicates that food dyes may affect both brainwave activity and ADHD symptoms in … Continue reading
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Milena Georgieva is a young scientist in Bulgaria with lots of prestigious awards for best scientific excellence practices. Here, she describes the way our DNA functions. The way we live, the way we talk, the way we breathe and the … Continue reading
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Just finished: a compilation of all the studies I can find on the food dyes used in the US and their connection with behavior and health. Download here(190 pages) This project was created to help the California Office of Environmental … Continue reading
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European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences. (21): 635-645. Curcumin (an extract of turmeric) was studied to see if it could protect against the kidney and liver damage expected from the ADI of Tartrazine (Yellow 5) given in the diet. … Continue reading
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Toxicology Reports. 5: 146-155. This was not a test of tartrazine (Yellow 5) – they already knew it would be toxic. Rats in the “positive control” group (given Yellow 5) had elevated liver enzymes, cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as … Continue reading
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Journal of AOAC International, Vol. 101. (epublished ahead of print) This guest editorial is not about the food dyes we know and don’t love — it’s about inedible, dangerous food dyes that are used illegally in foods. There is a … Continue reading
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Nutrition. 2018 February. 46:36-40 This study found that 11.54% of the 1,681 processed items examined in a local supermarket in Singapore contained at least one of five food dyes — of which tartrazine (Yellow 5), sunset yellow (Yellow 6), and … Continue reading
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In study after study, the dangers of artificial food dyes are documented. Nevertheless, many of us would still like to provide colorful party foods for our families. What to do? Of course, bright fruits such as blueberries and strawberries can … Continue reading
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Contact Dermatitis. 2016 Oct;75(4): 258-9 This is a case report about a 45-year-old woman who began to dye her hair blue. After several years of rashes and itching on her scalp, face, and neck, she sought help from an allergist. … Continue reading
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SB 504 calls for state office to conduct independent review of evidence and options for the Legislature April 26, 2017 The Senate Health Committee today approved a bill by Senator Bob Wieckowski (D-Fremont) to direct a state agency to review … Continue reading
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PeerJ. 2017 Feb 23;5: e3041. This study was done to evaluate the possible adverse effects of the color Tartrazine (Yellow 5) on kidney and liver function and structure in rats, as well as its affect on white blood cells. For … Continue reading
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Food Additives & Contaminants Part A. 2017 Feb 20:1-8 This study was able to estimate daily intake of foods containing Sunset Yellow (Yellow 6) using the 2008-2009 data collections of food purchases by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. … Continue reading
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Food Additives & Contaminants, Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment. 2017 March 23. Using complex statistics and a database of product labels, rather than direct measurements, an “estimate of daily intake” of the amounts of synthetic food … Continue reading
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Allergologie et Immunopathologia (Madrid). 2010 May-June; 38 (3): 142-6. In this study, styling itself as a “gold standard, double-blind placebo controlled, crossed-over challenge,” 26 adults with atopy (skin or asthma allergy) were tested for tartrazine (Yellow 5) sensitivity and had … Continue reading
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Acta Histochemica. 2017 March; 119(2): 172-180 The authors used a rat model to answer the following questions: Does exposure to tartrazine (Yellow 5) influence the rats’ memory and learning? Does the tartrazine exposure have any effects on the volume of … Continue reading
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Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Belgica. 1995;49(3): 235-50. In this review of aspirin-sensitive rhinosinusitis, it is described as a non-allergic, non-infectious perennial eosinophilic rhinitis starting in middle age and rarely seen in children. It may also been seen in atopic patients who have … Continue reading
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Mutation Research. 2002 Aug 26; 519(1-2): 103-19. Sasaki et al, in Japan, tested 39 common food additives — dyes, color fixatives, preservatives, antioxidants, fungicides, and sweeteners. They gave each additive separately by mouth to groups of four male mice, and … Continue reading
