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Food Additives & Contaminants, Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment. 2017 March 23. Using complex statistics and a database of product labels, rather than direct measurements, an “estimate of daily intake” of the amounts of synthetic food … Continue reading
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Allergologie et Immunopathologia (Madrid). 2010 May-June; 38 (3): 142-6. In this study, styling itself as a “gold standard, double-blind placebo controlled, crossed-over challenge,” 26 adults with atopy (skin or asthma allergy) were tested for tartrazine (Yellow 5) sensitivity and had … Continue reading
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Acta Histochemica. 2017 March; 119(2): 172-180 The authors used a rat model to answer the following questions: Does exposure to tartrazine (Yellow 5) influence the rats’ memory and learning? Does the tartrazine exposure have any effects on the volume of … Continue reading
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Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Belgica. 1995;49(3): 235-50. In this review of aspirin-sensitive rhinosinusitis, it is described as a non-allergic, non-infectious perennial eosinophilic rhinitis starting in middle age and rarely seen in children. It may also been seen in atopic patients who have … Continue reading
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Mutation Research. 2002 Aug 26; 519(1-2): 103-19. Sasaki et al, in Japan, tested 39 common food additives — dyes, color fixatives, preservatives, antioxidants, fungicides, and sweeteners. They gave each additive separately by mouth to groups of four male mice, and … Continue reading
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Journal of Food Science. 2013 April; 78(4): T642-7. Dixit, Khanna & Das This is the first national study on food additive use in India, collecting data on “sweets and savories.” Their dye extraction and identification technique (using pure wool strands) … Continue reading
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Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1997 June; 33(3): 190-4. The author summarizes and discusses the research from the 1970s up until the 1990s. She emphasizes that studies often only can deal with a single item but in actuality there … Continue reading
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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2003 March; 28(1): 63-75. In this paper, Schnoll reviews the research on food additives, refined sugars, food allergies, and fatty acid metabolism as it relates to ADHD. QUOTE: “Although clinicians and researchers alike acknowledge the complex … Continue reading
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Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny. 2012;63(2): 127-34 In this review of ADHD treatments, Konikowska describes hyperactivity as a genetic trait connected to abnormal brain maturation, likely related to less activity by neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine. While stimulant medications effectively increase the … Continue reading
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The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1247-1252. 2012 By studying the brains of mice whose mothers were exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles during pregnancy, the researchers determined changes in gene expression affecting several parts of the … Continue reading
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Scientific Reports, 2016 March 31;6:23819 The purpose of this study was to better understand how the widely used titanium dioxide may impact the environment. The researchers used swallowtail butterfly larvae which were hatched on plants growing in water containing titanium … Continue reading
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Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. (2016) 188:575 This Swiss study looks at the effect of two kinds of nanoparticles, separately and combined. Both copper oxide (CuO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) ultrafine particles (nanoparticles or NP) are widely used in many things … Continue reading
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Nanotoxicology. 2016 Sep;10(7):902-12. In this study, 25 µg/L and 250 µg/L of the food color additive titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were added to outdoor mesocosms* placed in a lake. The control mesocosm was not treated with any TiO2. * A … Continue reading
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Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 2014 Feb; 102(2): 470-8. Titanium dioxide is a naturally occurring white powder approved by the FDA. It is used as a white coloring in many products we use every day such as toothpaste, … Continue reading
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Toxicology and Industrial Health, 2013. March; 29(2): 224-32. doi: 10.1177/0748233711433935. El-Wahab & Moram The researchers wanted to evaluate the toxic effect of some synthetic colorants and/or flavors on body organs and metabolism in rats. They used 10 groups of 10 … Continue reading
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Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift (Swiss medical weekly), 1981. Sep 26; 111(39): 1445-50 Wuthrich wrote that adverse reactions to aspirin, additives such as tartrazine (Yellow 5) and the preservative benzoate are seen all over the world. It is described as an intolerance … Continue reading
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Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, 1979 Dec;64(6 Pt 1):500-6 In this study, a positive response was defined as a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) for up to 4 hours. The researchers tested several hundred … Continue reading
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Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1979. Nov; 129(3): 303-9. In this study on guinea pigs, the researchers showed that the dye Yellow 5 potentiates asthmatic reactions to other broncho-constrictors. In other words, the dye may not cause an asthma attack … Continue reading
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Life Sciences. 1980 Nov 7;27(20):1897-904. Goldenring, Wool, Shaywitz, Batter, Cohen, Young, & Teicher In this study, some rats were treated with 6-OHDA and some were treated with placebo. In each of these groups, some were given food dyes and some were given placebo, resulting in … Continue reading
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Toxicology International. 2015 Jan-Apr; 22(1): 152–157. This study was done to see if the common food colors tartrazine (Yellow 5), metanil yellow (a non-permitted color often used illegally) and sunset yellow (Yellow 6) may play a part in liver disease. … Continue reading
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Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 1995. Oct;48(10):1269-75, Corder & Buckley Corder estimated safe doses to use for epidemiological studies by studying reactions of patients in an allergy clinic. He said that reactions to the four compounds listed in the table are common, … Continue reading
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Physiology & Behavior, 135 (2014), 174-179. SULT1A inhibitors in foods, including natural substances and artificial food colors, have a role in ADHD that can both worsen or improve symptoms. … SULT1A inhibition can influence brain catecholamines through the intermediary of … Continue reading
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Clinical Allergy. 1978 Jan;8(1): 65-8. In an Israeli hospital, Neuman et al tested the effect of 50 mg of tartrazine (Yellow 5) on 97 patients with a variety of allergic disorders and 25 with non-allergic rhinitis. First, all patients were … Continue reading
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Little Debbie Swiss Rolls Use Yellow, Red, and Blue Dyes to Make ‘Chocolate’ Cake Reprinted from article published by the Center for Science in the Public Interest, July 18, 2016 Little Debbie Swiss Rolls have a combined 32 milligrams of … Continue reading
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Prostaglandins and Medicine, 1978 Dec;1(6):499-505 Ceserani, Colombo, Robuschi, & Bianco The authors discuss the bronchoconstriction caused by tartrazine (Yellow 5) in people who are aspirin-sensitive, as well as its effect on the prostaglandin system of guinea pig lungs. They found that the dye … Continue reading
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Annals of Allergy, 1977. Mar;38(3): 206-10 In this paper, Lockey describes the battery of tests he had developed to determine sensitivity to food additives and analgesics, which he says can make symptoms of asthma and chronic urticaria (hives) worse. MedLine … Continue reading
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Annals of Allergy 1977 Jul;39(1):28-37 This is an early review of the combination of asthma, nasal pathology and intolerance to aspirin as a “unique syndrome” with a tendency for diabetes as well as a prolongation of bleeding time. Abrishami mentions … Continue reading
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Clinical Allergy. 1976 Mar;6(2): 119-29. In this study, Stenius and Lemola used far less of tartrazine (Yellow 5) and aspirin than what a person may normally ingest, and had to overcome chronic medication as well (see NOTES below). Nevertheless, they … Continue reading
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Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1975. Sep;56(3): 215-21 The authors presented their evidence that in aspirin intolerance there are two mechanisms – one causing bronchospasm (breathing difficulty such as in asthma) and the other causing urticaria (hives). They also … Continue reading
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Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2015. 21 Suppl 1:52-62. During the past 50 years, the amount of synthetic dye used in foods has increased by 500%. At the same time, there has been an alarming rise in behavioral problems … Continue reading
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Clinical Pediatrics, 2016 Oct; 55(12): 1113-1119. In this study, 810 products commonly marketed to children and found in a local grocery store were evaluated. 43.2% of them contained artificial food colors (AFC), mostly Red 40, Blue 1, Yellow 5, and … Continue reading
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Acta Alimentaria, 43(2), 344-359. QUOTE: “Given that it is now well-known that autistic patients tend to be PST-deficient, causal link between a low-salicylate diet and the mitigation of symptom-severity seems a rather plausible hypothesis.” QUOTE: “It is quite apparent from … Continue reading
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Clinical Pediatrics, 2015 Apr;54(4):309-21, e-published April 24, 2014 Numerous foods and candies were purchased from local stores and processed to measure the amount of food dyes actually in them. Several comprehensive tables provide the details, but below is a sample: Some … Continue reading
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Clinical Pediatrics, 2014. Feb; 53(2): 133-40. The amount of food dyes certified over the years has increased more than 5-fold since 1950 (12 mg/capita/day) to 2012 (68 mg/capita/day). Studies that used 50 mg or more of food dyes showed a … Continue reading
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Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 2014 May;55(5):416-27. The author compares 3 kinds of studies for treatment of ADHD – restricted elimination diets (RED), artificial food colour elimination (AFCE), and essential fatty acid (e.g. fish oil) supplements (SFFA). He concludes … Continue reading
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European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2014 Jul;23(7):519-29. Verlaet discusses the common causes of GI problems, asthma, eczema, ear infections, and ADHD – involving both genes, immunity, and inflammation. An immune imbalance can be related to food provoking ADHD-like behavior. Food … Continue reading
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Eastern Michigan University Master’s Theses. 2013. Bell counted number of exposures to food dye, not the actual amounts of dye, consumed, and she found that children are exposed to food dyes at least twice as much as adults. She also … Continue reading
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Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2013 Jun;56:145-8. Ceyhan, Gultekin, Doguc, & Kulac In a study of rats, the authors found that exposing them to food dyes before birth changed the expression of certain receptors when they grew up. The particular receptors (NMDAR and nAChR) … Continue reading
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Toxicology and Industrial Health, 2013. Aug; 29(7): 616-23. Doguc, Ceyhan, Ozturk & Gultekin In this study, pregnant rats were given the ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) amounts of the following food dyes by mouth, continuing to do so after the babies … Continue reading
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American Journal of Psychiatry, 2013. March. 170(3): 275-89. This paper is a review of dietary and psychological treatments for ADHD. QUOTE (Conclusion): “Free fatty acid supplementation and artificial food color exclusions appear to have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, although … Continue reading
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Nutrition Review, 2013 May;71(5):268-81. Stevens reviews the research on mechanisms by which food dyes and common foods may cause behavioral changes in children with and without ADHD. The three potential mechanisms are toxicological, antinutritional, and hypersensitivity. Suggestions for future studies … Continue reading
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Neurotherapeutics. 2012 Jul;9(3):599-609. Arnold reviews the history of the effects of artificial food colors (AFC) on ADHD and the testimony to the 2011 FDA Food Advisory Committee. Arnold discusses possible biological mechanisms such as the effects of food dyes on … Continue reading
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Environmental Health Perspectives, 2012 Jan;120(1):1-5. Dr. Weiss examines the basis of the FDA’s position on food dyes, the decision of the Food Advisory Committee, and the reasons that this is an environmental health issue He points out that they limited … Continue reading
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Journal of American Science, 2011; 7 (6): 1211-1218. This paper from Egypt describes a double-blind controlled study on rats to determine the behavioral effects of long-term exposure to various doses of tartrazine (E102, Yellow 5) provided in the drinking water … Continue reading
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Clinical Pediatrics (Phila), 2011. Apr; 50(4): 279-93. In their review of the literature, Stevens et al conclude that the evidence indicates that a diet free of food dyes is appropriate for “children who have not responded satisfactorily to conventional treatment, … Continue reading
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Prescrire International, 2009. Oct; 18(103): 215 (no author listed) In a health assessment of artificial food dyes, Prescrire International, a non-profit organization providing information and continuing education for healthcare professionals, considers the hypothesis that artificial food dyes worsen hyperactivity symptoms … Continue reading
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Lancet, September 6, 2007 As a followup to the earlier Bateman (2004) study, the authors retested 153 toddlers as well as 144 elementary school (8/9 years old) children from the general population. They were briefly put on a dye-free … Continue reading
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Food Additives & Contaminants, 2006. Mar; 23(3): 245-51. Husain evaluated the amount of food dyes consumed by children in 58 schools in Kuwait, and found that the amounts of four of the colors were 4 to 8 times above the … Continue reading
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Allergology International, 2006. Jun; 55(2):203-5. This is a case report about a 5-year-old girl in Japan with multiple recurrent problems: urticaria (hives), angioedema (swelling), headaches, dyspnea (shortness of breath), loss of consciousness, and abdominal pain. Her symptoms were made worse … Continue reading
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Toxicological Sciences. 2006 Mar; 90(1):178-87. This is one of the few studies examining and comparing the neurotoxic activity of food additives alone and in combination. After determining how much of each additive reduces neurite development by 20%, Lau combined pairs … Continue reading
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Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2004 Jun;89(6):506-11. The authors put 277 3-year-old children from the general population on a diet without artificial food dyes or benzoate preservatives for a week, and then challenged them at various times with a drink … Continue reading
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Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2004 Dec;25(6):423-34. Searching 10 databases for double-blind placebo-controlled trials on the effects of artificial food dyes, Schab and Trinh found 15 that met their criteria. QUOTE: “Our meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that AFCs (artificial … Continue reading
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Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2002. Aug;38(4):373-6. Dengate & Ruben In Australia, 27 children whose behavior had improved on the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital diet were enrolled in a double-blind placebo-controlled test of the bread preservative calcium propionate (preservative … Continue reading
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Food Additives and Contaminants, 1996. Jan;13(1):5-11 In this lab study, 11 artificial food dyes – not all of them used in the US — were tested to determine their effect on the mitochondria of rat liver and kidney. NOTE: Mitochondria … Continue reading
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Journal of Pediatrics, November 1994, Vol. 135, pp.691-8 150 of 200 children [75%] improved on an open trial of a diet free of synthetic food coloring, and deteriorated upon introduction of foods containing synthetic colorings. 34 other “clear” or “suspected” … Continue reading
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Clinical Pediatrics (Phila) 1992 May;31(5):302-7. 21 children with migraine and/or hyperkinetic behavior disorder also had daytime or nighttime enuresis (wetting). Use of an oligoantigenic (few-foods) diet controlled their migraine and/or hyperkinesis, and for 76% of them the diet also stopped … Continue reading
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Pollock & Warner, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1990. Jan;65(1):74-7, Heart and Lung Institute, Brompton Hospital, London. Pollock did a double-blind placebo-controlled challenge study on 19 children who had improved previously on an additive-free diet. He didn’t use any additives … Continue reading
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Journal of Nutritional Medicine; 1 (1). 1990. 51-58. Ward first studied the zinc status in various tissues (blood, hair, saliva, etc) in 20 hyperactive boys compared to 20 non-hyperactive boys. Then, in a double-blind placebo-controlled study of 10 hyperactive boys … Continue reading
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Journal of Pediatrics, 1989. Jan;114(1):51-8. Egger, Carter, Soothill, & Wilson Egger put 45 children with epilepsy and recurrent headaches, abdominal symptoms, or hyperactivity on an oligoantigenic (few foods) diet. 36 of them — 80% — improved. QUOTE: “Headaches, abdominal pains, … Continue reading
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Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1987. Feb;62(2):119-22. In a double-blind study, David challenged 24 of his patients who had been using diet for ADHD with benzoic acid (a preservative) and a large dose of coloring — 250 mg of Yellow … Continue reading
